Introduction
Cappadocia, nestled in the heart of central Anatolia, Turkey, is world-renowned for its otherworldly rock formations, fairy chimneys, and hot air balloon-filled skies. However, hidden beneath this magical landscape lies a lesser-known but equally fascinating world — a vast network of ancient underground cities. These subterranean settlements, carved meticulously into the region’s soft volcanic rock, hold stories of survival, innovation, and faith.
Among the most famous are Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı, but over 200 underground cities have been discovered throughout Cappadocia, many of which remain partially or entirely unexplored.
A Glimpse into History
The roots of Cappadocia’s underground architecture stretch back to the Hittite civilization (circa 2000 BCE), though most of the known cities expanded during the Byzantine era, particularly in the early Christian period. These underground networks were not mere shelters, but fully functioning cities. They were used to protect thousands of people from religious persecution, military invasions, and natural threats.
Inside, one would find:
- Living quarters
- Food and wine storage
- Churches and chapels
- Communal kitchens
- Animal stables
- Ventilation shafts
- Strategic escape tunnels
The attention to detail in their design — especially the airflow systems and defense mechanisms — reveals a deep understanding of both engineering and security.
Derinkuyu: The Deepest Underground City
Located in Nevşehir Province, Derinkuyu is the deepest known underground city in Cappadocia, reaching a depth of 85 meters (278 feet). It could shelter up to 50,000 people, along with their livestock and supplies, for extended periods.
Some of its standout features include:
- 18 levels, of which 8 are open to the public
- Circular stone doors used to seal off rooms and protect against invaders
- A large baptism chamber and multiple churches
- An ingenious air ventilation system that still functions today
- A water well that reaches natural aquifers, ensuring an internal water supply even under siege
Derinkuyu is not just a marvel of engineering — it’s a monument to survival.
Kaymaklı: The Most Expansive Underground Network
Just a short drive from Derinkuyu lies Kaymaklı, another iconic subterranean city. While not as deep, it is horizontally more expansive, with a complex labyrinth of tunnels that interconnect various living and working spaces.
What makes Kaymaklı special:
- Wider tunnels and multi-room chambers
- Religious spaces, including chapels with altars carved from rock
- Winemaking rooms with ancient fermentation vessels
- Storage chambers filled with evidence of long-term occupation
- Narrow corridors designed to confuse potential intruders
Exploring Kaymaklı gives visitors a more immersive sense of how people once lived, worked, and worshipped entirely underground.
What It’s Like to Visit
Entering one of Cappadocia’s underground cities is like stepping into another world — a dark, quiet, mysterious one. The experience is humbling. Visitors navigate tight passageways, crouch through stone doorways, and feel the cool air of ancient corridors that have stood for millennia.
Tips for Visitors:
- Avoid visiting if you suffer from claustrophobia
- Wear comfortable shoes — there are many stairs and slopes
- Book a guided tour to fully understand the history and hidden details
- Bring a flashlight or phone light for dimly lit areas
- Allow at least 1–2 hours for a meaningful visit to each site
Conclusion
Cappadocia’s underground cities are not just architectural masterpieces — they are profound symbols of human perseverance and creativity. These subterranean sanctuaries tell stories of communities who chose to dig deep rather than flee, to build rather than surrender.
Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an adventure traveler, or simply curious about the unknown, a visit to the underground cities of Cappadocia is an experience you’ll never forget.
